Alterations in DNA sequence arise without external causative agents. These changes, arising naturally during cellular processes like DNA replication or repair, can range from single nucleotide changes to larger chromosomal rearrangements. For instance, a base substitution during replication can lead to a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein, potentially altering its function.
While often perceived negatively, these naturally occurring genetic variations are a fundamental driver of evolution. They provide the raw material upon which natural selection acts, allowing populations to adapt to changing environments. Understanding the mechanisms behind these inherent changes is crucial for fields ranging from evolutionary biology and population genetics to medicine and genetic engineering. This knowledge contributes to our understanding of genetic diseases, antibiotic resistance, and the development of new therapies.
