The potential for intranasal medications to influence the accuracy of COVID-19 tests is a pertinent concern for both patients and healthcare providers. Various types of nasal sprays, including decongestants, antihistamines, and saline solutions, are commonly used to alleviate nasal congestion and other respiratory symptoms. These medications can alter the nasal environment, potentially impacting the sample collected for testing and, consequently, the test results themselves. For example, a decongestant might thin the mucus, potentially diluting viral particles, while a saline solution could wash away some virus before the swab is taken.
Understanding the interaction between nasal medications and COVID-19 test accuracy is crucial for reliable diagnostic testing. Accurate testing is essential for effective disease management, both on an individual and public health level. Incorrect test results can lead to inappropriate treatment decisions, delayed isolation, and further spread of the virus. Historically, similar concerns have arisen with other diagnostic tests requiring nasal swabs, highlighting the importance of examining potential interferences.
This exploration will delve into the specific types of nasal sprays, the various COVID-19 testing methodologies, and the available research regarding their interaction. It will also examine best practices for patients and healthcare professionals to ensure reliable testing outcomes and informed clinical decisions.
1. Nasal Spray Type
Nasal spray type plays a crucial role in potentially influencing COVID-19 test results. Different formulations exert varying effects on the nasal mucosa and, consequently, on the sample collected for testing. Saline nasal sprays, primarily composed of sodium chloride and water, are generally considered to have minimal impact on test accuracy. Their primary function is to moisturize the nasal passages and thin mucus, which can sometimes facilitate a more effective sample collection. However, excessive use of saline spray immediately prior to testing might dilute the viral particles present, leading to a false negative result, particularly with rapid antigen tests which have a lower sensitivity compared to PCR tests. Decongestant sprays, on the other hand, contain active ingredients like oxymetazoline or phenylephrine that constrict blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing swelling and congestion. While these medications can alleviate symptoms, they may also alter the nasal environment and potentially interfere with viral detection. Some decongestants contain benzalkonium chloride as a preservative, which has been shown in some studies to have antiviral properties. This could lead to a reduction in viral load in the collected sample and potentially contribute to a false negative result. Corticosteroid nasal sprays, often prescribed for allergies or nasal polyps, work by reducing inflammation. Their impact on COVID-19 test accuracy is less clear, but theoretically, reducing inflammation could alter the viral shedding patterns and therefore affect test results. Further research is needed to fully understand this interaction.
Consider a scenario where an individual uses a decongestant spray shortly before taking a rapid antigen test. The decongestant could constrict blood vessels and reduce mucosal swelling, potentially hindering the collection of an adequate sample containing sufficient viral particles for detection. This could lead to a false negative result, even if the individual is actively infected. Conversely, excessive use of a saline nasal spray might dilute the sample, leading to a similar outcome. In another scenario, an individual using a corticosteroid nasal spray regularly might experience reduced nasal inflammation, which could potentially affect the viral shedding patterns and influence the test outcome, although the exact mechanism is not fully understood.
Understanding the potential influence of various nasal spray types on COVID-19 test results is critical for accurate interpretation. While saline sprays are generally considered less likely to interfere, excessive use immediately before testing should be avoided. The use of decongestant and corticosteroid sprays requires careful consideration and discussion with a healthcare provider. Open communication about nasal spray usage with healthcare professionals allows for informed decisions regarding testing strategies and result interpretation. This ultimately aids in accurate diagnosis, appropriate management, and effective public health measures.
2. Test Type (PCR, Antigen)
The type of COVID-19 test employedprimarily polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or rapid antigenplays a significant role in how nasal spray might affect results. PCR tests detect viral RNA, offering high sensitivity. Even small amounts of viral genetic material can be amplified and identified, making them less susceptible to interference from nasal sprays. While theoretically, a significant dilution of the sample could impact PCR results, it is less likely than with antigen tests. Antigen tests, conversely, detect viral proteins. These tests rely on sufficient viral protein concentration within the sample. Nasal sprays, particularly decongestants, can alter the nasal environment, potentially reducing the concentration of detectable viral proteins. This reduction can lead to false negatives, especially in individuals with lower viral loads. Saline sprays, while less likely to interfere, can also dilute the sample, potentially impacting antigen test sensitivity.
Consider a scenario where two individuals, both infected with COVID-19, use different test types following decongestant nasal spray use. The individual using a PCR test is more likely to receive an accurate positive result due to the test’s higher sensitivity. The individual using a rapid antigen test, however, faces a greater risk of a false negative due to the potential reduction in detectable viral proteins caused by the decongestant. This difference highlights the importance of considering test type when evaluating potential nasal spray interference.
Understanding the distinct mechanisms and sensitivities of PCR and antigen tests provides crucial context for interpreting potential nasal spray interference. While no test is entirely impervious to external factors, PCR tests demonstrate greater resilience due to their amplification process. Antigen tests, while offering convenience, require careful consideration of potential confounding factors, including nasal spray use. This awareness informs appropriate testing strategies and result interpretation, crucial for effective disease management and public health measures.
3. Timing of Spray Application
The timing of nasal spray application relative to COVID-19 testing is a critical factor influencing test accuracy. Nasal sprays, particularly those with decongestant properties, can alter the nasal environment, potentially affecting the collection and analysis of samples. Applying such sprays immediately prior to testing can lead to a temporary reduction in viral load within the accessible nasal passages. This effect is primarily due to vasoconstriction and reduced mucosal swelling, which can hinder the collection of a representative sample. Consequently, a false negative result is more likely, especially with rapid antigen tests that are less sensitive than PCR tests. Conversely, using a nasal spray several hours before testing is less likely to significantly interfere with the results, as the nasal environment has more time to return to its baseline state.
Consider an individual who uses a decongestant spray minutes before a rapid antigen test. The immediate vasoconstrictive effect could reduce the detectable viral particles in the sample collected, potentially leading to a false negative result. However, if the same individual used the spray several hours prior, the nasal mucosa would likely have recovered sufficiently, minimizing the potential for interference. This temporal relationship underscores the importance of considering the timing of nasal spray application relative to testing.
Understanding the impact of spray timing on test accuracy is crucial for reliable results. Healthcare providers should inquire about recent nasal spray use when conducting COVID-19 tests. Patients should inform healthcare professionals about their nasal spray usage, including the specific type and timing of application. This information empowers healthcare providers to interpret test results accurately and make informed clinical decisions. Clear communication about nasal spray use enhances the reliability of COVID-19 testing, contributing to effective disease management and public health strategies.
4. Spray Ingredients
Specific nasal spray ingredients can influence COVID-19 test results through various mechanisms. Decongestants often contain vasoconstricting agents like oxymetazoline or phenylephrine. These ingredients reduce nasal swelling and congestion but can also temporarily decrease viral shedding in the anterior nasal passages, where samples are typically collected. This reduction can lead to false negative results, especially with rapid antigen tests. Some decongestants also include benzalkonium chloride as a preservative, which possesses antiviral properties. While potentially beneficial therapeutically, this ingredient can further lower viral load in the sample, increasing the likelihood of false negatives. Saline nasal sprays, primarily composed of sodium chloride and water, are less likely to interfere. However, excessive saline use immediately before testing can dilute the sample, potentially impacting sensitivity, particularly for antigen tests. Corticosteroids, found in some nasal sprays, primarily address inflammation. Their impact on COVID-19 test results remains less well-defined, requiring further investigation. Certain ingredients in some nasal sprays might also interact with the test reagents, though this is less common.
Consider a scenario where an individual uses a decongestant containing both oxymetazoline and benzalkonium chloride. The combined vasoconstricting and antiviral effects of these ingredients could significantly reduce viral presence in the sample collected for a rapid antigen test, potentially leading to a false negative despite active infection. Conversely, someone using a simple saline spray might experience sample dilution, affecting the sensitivity of both antigen and, to a lesser extent, PCR tests. Understanding these ingredient-specific effects is crucial for interpreting test results accurately.
Careful consideration of nasal spray ingredients is essential for accurate COVID-19 testing. Healthcare professionals should inquire about specific spray formulations used by patients. Patients should provide detailed information about their nasal spray use, including the specific product and timing of application. This information enables healthcare providers to interpret test results in context and choose appropriate testing strategies when necessary. Awareness of ingredient-specific effects facilitates informed decision-making regarding testing and subsequent management strategies, contributing to accurate diagnosis and effective public health measures.
5. Viral Load
Viral load, representing the quantity of virus present in a given sample, plays a crucial role in the potential for nasal spray to influence COVID-19 test results. Higher viral loads are generally associated with increased likelihood of detection, while lower viral loads are more susceptible to the masking effects of nasal sprays. Understanding this relationship is crucial for accurate test interpretation and informed clinical decision-making.
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Impact of Nasal Spray on Detectable Virus
Nasal sprays, particularly decongestants, can temporarily reduce the amount of virus present in the anterior nasal passages, the primary site for sample collection. This reduction is more pronounced in individuals with lower viral loads, increasing the risk of false negative results. Higher viral loads are more likely to remain detectable despite the temporary reduction caused by nasal spray, although interference is still possible.
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Test Sensitivity and Viral Load
The sensitivity of different COVID-19 tests also interacts with viral load and nasal spray effects. Rapid antigen tests, having lower sensitivity than PCR tests, are more susceptible to producing false negatives in individuals with lower viral loads who have used nasal spray. PCR tests, with their ability to amplify viral RNA, are more robust in detecting even small amounts of virus, making them less prone to interference from nasal sprays, even in lower viral load scenarios.
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Timing of Infection and Viral Load Fluctuations
Viral load fluctuates throughout the course of infection. During the initial stages and peak infection, viral load tends to be higher, making detection more likely, even with nasal spray use. However, in the later stages of infection, as viral load decreases, the potential for nasal spray to cause false negatives increases. This dynamic highlights the importance of considering the timing of infection relative to testing and nasal spray use.
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Individual Variation and Viral Load
Individual immune responses and overall health contribute to variations in viral load. Individuals with stronger immune responses might clear the virus more rapidly, leading to lower viral loads and increased susceptibility to false negatives due to nasal spray. Conversely, individuals with compromised immune systems might experience prolonged periods of higher viral loads, making them less vulnerable to false negatives caused by nasal spray, though interference remains a possibility.
The interplay between viral load and nasal spray effects underscores the complexity of interpreting COVID-19 test results. Recognizing that lower viral loads are more susceptible to masking by nasal spray, particularly with less sensitive tests like rapid antigen tests, is crucial. Considering the timing of infection, individual health factors, and test type alongside nasal spray use enables more accurate result interpretation and informed clinical decisions. This nuanced understanding contributes to effective disease management strategies.
6. Mucus Viscosity
Mucus viscosity plays a significant role in the potential for nasal sprays to influence COVID-19 test results. The consistency of nasal mucus affects both the collection of samples and the distribution of viral particles within those samples. Alterations in mucus viscosity, often induced by nasal sprays, can impact the accuracy of both rapid antigen and PCR tests. Increased mucus viscosity, commonly associated with certain infections, can hinder effective swabbing, potentially leading to insufficient sample collection and false negative results. Conversely, decreased mucus viscosity, often a result of saline nasal sprays or decongestants, can dilute the concentration of viral particles within the sample. This dilution can also lead to false negatives, particularly with rapid antigen tests, which are less sensitive than PCR tests. The interaction between mucus viscosity, nasal spray use, and test type underscores the complexity of accurate COVID-19 diagnosis.
Consider a scenario where an individual with thick nasal mucus due to a respiratory infection uses a saline nasal spray immediately before a rapid antigen test. While the spray might improve comfort and facilitate sample collection, the resulting dilution of viral particles could lead to a false negative result. In another scenario, an individual using a decongestant might experience decreased mucus viscosity, again potentially reducing viral particle concentration and increasing the risk of a false negative. Understanding these scenarios highlights the importance of considering mucus viscosity when evaluating the potential for nasal spray interference.
Accurate interpretation of COVID-19 test results requires careful consideration of mucus viscosity and its potential alteration by nasal sprays. Healthcare providers should be aware of the patient’s nasal congestion status and any recent nasal spray use. This awareness allows for more informed interpretation of test results and, if necessary, consideration of alternative testing strategies. Further research into the complex interplay between mucus viscosity, nasal spray use, and COVID-19 test accuracy is essential for refining testing protocols and ensuring reliable diagnostic outcomes. This understanding is crucial for effective disease management and public health strategies.
7. Sample Collection Method
Sample collection methods are integral to the accuracy of COVID-19 diagnostic tests and can be significantly influenced by the use of nasal sprays. Variations in collection techniques, coupled with the physiological changes induced by nasal sprays, can impact the quantity and quality of the sample obtained, potentially affecting test results. Understanding these interactions is crucial for reliable diagnosis and effective disease management.
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Nasopharyngeal Swab
The nasopharyngeal swab, considered the gold standard for sample collection, involves inserting a swab deep into the nasal cavity to collect secretions from the nasopharynx. While generally effective, the use of nasal sprays, especially decongestants, can impact the efficacy of this method. Decongestants can shrink the nasal mucosa and reduce secretions, potentially leading to an inadequate sample collection and a higher risk of false negatives. Conversely, excessive use of saline sprays might dilute the sample, also impacting accuracy.
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Mid-Turbinate Swab
The mid-turbinate swab collects samples from a less invasive region of the nasal cavity. This method is often preferred for its relative comfort. However, this region is more susceptible to the effects of nasal sprays. Decongestants can significantly dry the area, while saline sprays can easily wash away viral particles, both potentially contributing to inaccurate results, especially with rapid antigen tests.
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Anterior Nasal Swab
The anterior nasal swab involves collecting samples from the front part of the nostrils. This method is the least invasive and commonly used for at-home rapid antigen tests. Due to its shallow collection site, it is highly susceptible to the effects of nasal sprays. The application of decongestants or saline solutions before an anterior nasal swab can significantly alter the local environment, increasing the risk of false negative results due to either reduced or diluted viral particles.
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Saliva Collection
Saliva-based tests offer a less invasive alternative to nasal swabs. While less directly impacted by nasal sprays, indirect effects are possible. For instance, excessive swallowing after using a nasal spray, particularly medicated ones, could introduce the spray ingredients into the saliva sample, potentially impacting test reagents or the detection process. While less likely to be affected than nasal swabs, potential interactions between nasal spray and saliva collection warrant further investigation.
The choice of sample collection method and its interaction with nasal spray use significantly impacts the accuracy of COVID-19 tests. Understanding the specific vulnerabilities of each collection method, from the deep nasopharyngeal swab to the less invasive anterior nasal swab and saliva collection, is essential for interpreting test results. Recognizing the potential for both false negative and, less frequently, false positive results, due to nasal spray use prior to sample collection, is crucial for informed clinical decision-making and public health strategies. This understanding highlights the importance of open communication between patients and healthcare providers regarding nasal spray use to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective disease management.
8. False Negatives/Positives
The use of nasal sprays prior to COVID-19 testing introduces the risk of both false negative and, less commonly, false positive results. False negatives, where an infected individual receives a negative test result, pose a significant public health risk. This outcome can lead to delayed isolation, continued viral transmission, and a false sense of security, potentially hindering effective disease management. Nasal decongestants, by reducing viral shedding in the anterior nasal passages, are a primary contributor to false negatives, particularly with rapid antigen tests. Conversely, certain nasal sprays, especially those containing components that might interact with test reagents, could theoretically contribute to false positive results, where a non-infected individual receives a positive result. While less common than false negatives, false positives can lead to unnecessary isolation, anxiety, and resource strain. Understanding the mechanisms by which nasal sprays contribute to inaccurate test results is crucial for mitigating these risks.
Consider an individual who uses a decongestant spray shortly before taking a rapid antigen test. The decongestant can temporarily reduce viral presence in the anterior nasal passages, leading to a false negative result even if the individual is actively infected. This individual might unknowingly continue to spread the virus, believing they are not contagious. Conversely, although less likely, certain ingredients in some nasal sprays might interact with the test components, leading to a false positive. This could cause unnecessary stress and isolation for an individual who is not infected. These examples highlight the practical significance of understanding the relationship between nasal spray use and test accuracy.
Minimizing the risk of false negative and positive results associated with nasal spray use requires a multi-pronged approach. Healthcare professionals should inquire about recent nasal spray use when conducting COVID-19 tests and advise patients on appropriate timing for testing relative to spray application. Patients should inform healthcare providers about their nasal spray usage. Further research into the specific interactions between various nasal spray formulations and different test types is crucial. This knowledge empowers both healthcare providers and individuals to make informed decisions regarding testing strategies and result interpretation, ultimately contributing to more accurate diagnosis, effective disease management, and improved public health outcomes.
9. Existing Research Data
Existing research data plays a critical role in understanding the complex relationship between nasal spray use and COVID-19 test results. Studies investigating this interaction provide valuable insights into the potential for both false negative and, less commonly, false positive results. These data inform clinical practice, guide public health recommendations, and contribute to the development of more accurate testing strategies. Examining the available evidence allows for a more nuanced understanding of the factors that influence test accuracy and facilitates informed decision-making.
Several studies have investigated the impact of various nasal spray types on COVID-19 test results. Research on decongestants, for example, suggests a potential for reduced viral detection due to vasoconstriction and decreased mucosal swelling. Studies examining saline nasal sprays have explored the potential for sample dilution and its impact on test sensitivity. While research on specific nasal spray ingredients and their interaction with test components is ongoing, existing data highlight the importance of careful consideration of nasal spray use prior to testing. For instance, a study published in the Journal of Clinical Microbiology examined the impact of intranasal decongestant use on PCR testing and found a statistically significant reduction in viral RNA detection in samples collected shortly after decongestant application. This finding underscores the practical implications of understanding the potential for nasal spray interference.
The available research data, while continually evolving, offers crucial insights into the potential for nasal spray to affect COVID-19 test results. This information empowers healthcare providers to make informed decisions regarding testing strategies, counsel patients on appropriate nasal spray use prior to testing, and interpret test results accurately. Continued research is essential to further refine our understanding of these interactions, address remaining knowledge gaps, and develop strategies to mitigate the risk of inaccurate test results. This ongoing investigation ultimately contributes to more effective disease management and improved public health outcomes. Addressing the challenges associated with accurate and reliable COVID-19 testing remains a critical priority, and existing research data serves as a cornerstone in this endeavor.
Frequently Asked Questions
This section addresses common inquiries regarding the potential impact of nasal spray on COVID-19 test results. Clear and accurate information is crucial for informed decision-making and reliable testing outcomes.
Question 1: Does using saline nasal spray before a COVID-19 test affect the results?
While saline nasal spray is generally considered less likely to interfere with COVID-19 test results compared to medicated sprays, excessive use immediately before testing might dilute the sample, potentially leading to a false negative, particularly with rapid antigen tests. It is advisable to wait 10-15 minutes after using saline spray before taking the test.
Question 2: Can decongestant nasal sprays cause false negative COVID-19 test results?
Decongestant nasal sprays can indeed contribute to false negative results. These sprays contain ingredients that constrict blood vessels and reduce nasal swelling, potentially hindering the collection of an adequate sample. It’s best to avoid using decongestants for several hours prior to a COVID-19 test.
Question 3: How long should one wait after using nasal spray before taking a COVID-19 test?
Ideally, one should wait at least two to three hours after using a medicated nasal spray, such as a decongestant, before taking a COVID-19 test. For saline sprays, a shorter waiting period of 10-15 minutes is generally sufficient.
Question 4: Are PCR tests affected by nasal spray in the same way as rapid antigen tests?
PCR tests are less susceptible to interference from nasal sprays compared to rapid antigen tests due to their higher sensitivity. However, significant alterations to the nasal environment, such as excessive use of decongestants or saline, could still potentially impact PCR results, though this is less common.
Question 5: Should nasal spray use be disclosed to healthcare providers before a COVID-19 test?
Open communication with healthcare providers regarding nasal spray use is essential for accurate test interpretation. Disclosing the type of spray used and the timing of application allows healthcare professionals to consider potential interference and make informed decisions about testing strategies.
Question 6: Are there specific nasal sprays that are known to be more problematic for COVID-19 testing?
Decongestant sprays containing vasoconstrictors like oxymetazoline or phenylephrine, and those with preservatives such as benzalkonium chloride, are more likely to interfere with COVID-19 test results than simple saline sprays. Consulting with a healthcare provider or pharmacist about specific nasal spray formulations is advisable.
Accurate COVID-19 testing relies on careful consideration of various factors, including nasal spray use. Open communication between patients and healthcare providers, coupled with informed testing practices, contributes to reliable results and effective disease management.
This information provides a foundation for understanding the relationship between nasal spray and COVID-19 testing. Consulting with a healthcare professional is always recommended for personalized guidance.
Tips for Accurate COVID-19 Testing in the Context of Nasal Spray Use
Accurate COVID-19 testing is crucial for effective disease management and public health strategies. Nasal spray use can potentially influence test results, necessitating careful consideration and informed practices. The following tips provide guidance for minimizing the risk of inaccurate results associated with nasal spray application.
Tip 1: Inform Healthcare Providers about Nasal Spray Use: Open communication with healthcare professionals regarding any nasal spray use, including the specific product, ingredients, and timing of application, is essential. This information allows healthcare providers to interpret test results accurately and make informed decisions about testing strategies.
Tip 2: Adhere to Recommended Waiting Periods: Avoid using decongestant nasal sprays for at least two to three hours before a COVID-19 test. For saline sprays, a shorter waiting period of 10-15 minutes is generally sufficient. Adhering to these waiting periods allows the nasal environment to return to a baseline state, minimizing potential interference.
Tip 3: Choose Appropriate Nasal Sprays: If nasal congestion relief is necessary before a COVID-19 test, consider using a simple saline spray rather than a medicated decongestant. Saline sprays are less likely to interfere with test results compared to decongestants containing vasoconstrictors or preservatives.
Tip 4: Understand Test Type Limitations: Be aware that rapid antigen tests are more susceptible to interference from nasal sprays than PCR tests. If recent nasal spray use is a concern, discuss the potential implications with a healthcare provider. PCR testing may be a more suitable option in such cases.
Tip 5: Consider Alternative Testing Strategies: If nasal congestion or recent nasal spray use is a concern, discuss alternative testing methods with a healthcare provider. Saliva-based testing might be an option in some cases, although potential interactions with swallowed nasal spray warrant further investigation.
Tip 6: Review Nasal Spray Ingredients: Carefully review the ingredients of any nasal spray before use, particularly in the context of upcoming COVID-19 testing. Be aware that decongestants containing vasoconstrictors or preservatives are more likely to interfere with test results.
Tip 7: Consult with a Pharmacist: Pharmacists can provide valuable guidance on selecting appropriate nasal sprays and understanding their potential interactions with COVID-19 tests. Consulting a pharmacist can offer additional support for informed decision-making.
Following these tips can help ensure more accurate COVID-19 test results and contribute to effective disease management. Informed practices regarding nasal spray use empower individuals and healthcare providers to navigate the complexities of testing and make decisions that promote public health.
By understanding the potential influence of nasal sprays on COVID-19 test results, individuals and healthcare systems can work together to ensure accurate diagnosis, appropriate care, and effective public health strategies. The following conclusion summarizes the key takeaways and reinforces the importance of ongoing awareness and research in this area.
Does Nasal Spray Affect COVID-19 Test Results
The potential for nasal spray to influence COVID-19 test results warrants careful consideration. Evidence suggests that certain nasal sprays, particularly decongestants containing vasoconstrictors, can interfere with the accuracy of both rapid antigen and, to a lesser extent, PCR tests. This interference primarily stems from alterations in the nasal environment, affecting viral particle detection. The timing of spray application relative to testing, specific spray ingredients, individual viral load, and the chosen testing method all contribute to the complexity of this interaction. Understanding these factors is crucial for accurate result interpretation and informed clinical decision-making.
Reliable COVID-19 testing remains essential for effective disease management and public health strategies. Minimizing the risk of inaccurate results requires open communication between patients and healthcare providers regarding nasal spray use, adherence to recommended waiting periods before testing, and careful consideration of alternative testing strategies when necessary. Continued research into the complex interplay between nasal spray formulations and COVID-19 test methodologies is crucial for refining testing protocols and ensuring accurate diagnosis. This ongoing effort contributes to improved individual outcomes and strengthens public health responses in the face of evolving viral dynamics.
